Colon cancer ranks in the Top 3 for men and Top 5 for women in terms of prevalence. In men, it is the third most common cancer after liver and lung cancer, and the fifth most common in women. Although cancer can result from various factors, colon cancer is often linked to lifestyle habits—especially an unbalanced diet, such as high consumption of red meat (e.g., beef, pork), low intake of fruits and vegetables, lack of exercise, heavy alcohol consumption, and smoking. If you live this way… your risk of colon cancer is definitely higher than someone who takes care of their health!
Dr. Burin Awapittaya, a specialist in colorectal surgery at Phyathai 1 Hospital, explains the mechanism of colorectal cancer as follows:
"Let’s understand the development of colorectal cancer. It begins with abnormal cell growth in the colon lining. Normal tissue gradually transforms into polyps, which can eventually turn cancerous. If abnormalities are detected early—at the polyp stage—and removed, the risk of cancer significantly decreases. In theory, a 1 cm polyp can take up to 10 years to become cancerous."
Most patients seek medical attention only after symptoms appear and the cancer has already advanced. If you are at risk—such as having a family history of cancer or noticing unusual bowel movements—you should consult a doctor about screening for colon cancer. The doctor will assess your history and determine if a colonoscopy is needed. If cancer cells are found, timely treatment can be started. Even if only risks are found, the doctor will recommend lifestyle changes and regular monitoring.
Even without symptoms, individuals aged 50 and above should undergo routine screening. However, if any digestive symptoms appear, screening should happen immediately—regardless of age.
A colonoscopy involves inserting a camera-equipped tube into the colon to view its entire length and the rectum. This can be done with or without sedation. During the procedure, any polyps (which may later turn into cancer) can be removed on the spot. Colonoscopy is currently the most accurate screening method.
No symptoms at all in early stages
Changes in bowel habits: alternating diarrhea and constipation, narrower stools
Blood or mucus in the stool or from the rectum
Abdominal discomfort, cramping, or bloating
Signs of intestinal obstruction: fever, inability to pass stool or gas, bloating
Unexplained anemia or fatigue
Loss of appetite, unusual tiredness
Unexplained weight loss
A lump felt in the abdomen
Stage 0: Cancer cells appear only as polyps and can be removed via colonoscopy before they become malignant. 100% curable.
Stage 1: Cancer has grown into the colon or rectum wall but hasn’t spread to nearby tissue or lymph nodes. Requires curative resection surgery, removing 10–15 cm of the colon and at least 12 lymph nodes, then reconnecting healthy parts of the bowel. Modern techniques preserve the rectal sphincter.
Stage 2: Cancer has spread through the colon/rectum wall to nearby tissue but not to lymph nodes. Treated with curative resection as in Stage 1.
Stage 3: Cancer has reached lymph nodes but not other organs. Requires curative resection, followed by chemotherapy, and possibly radiation therapy (especially if it’s rectal cancer).
Stage 4: Cancer has metastasized to organs like the liver or lungs. Surgeons will remove the primary tumor and metastases if possible, followed by chemotherapy. If all cancerous tissues can be removed, there is still a chance for a full recovery.
Undergo screening colonoscopy—detecting and removing polyps early can prevent them from turning into cancer.
See a doctor immediately if you notice any abnormal symptoms. The earlier it’s detected, the higher the chances of complete recovery.
Dr. Burin Awapittaya Colorectal Surgery Specialist Colorectal Center Phyathai 1 Hospital
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