When it comes to the most common cancer found in women, "breast cancer" is undoubtedly at the top of the list. Currently, it is considered one of the most severe diseases. Once diagnosed, the chances of complete recovery are slim, or perhaps non-existent. Dr. Anirut Nirunat, a surgical oncologist at the Breast Clinic, Phyathai 1 Hospital, explains the cause of cancer in our bodies as follows…

"It is a process that occurs when 'cells' divide abnormally, resulting in the body's inability to control and prevent the spread of these cells along the lymphatic pathways in the body."

Although breast cancer can be found in both men and women, it is predominantly found in women, usually starting from the age of 50 onwards. The incidence rate in men is significantly lower.

Risk factors include:

·         Increasing age.

·         Family history of ovarian or breast cancer, which increases the risk compared to the general population. Hormonal factors, such as taking female hormones or continuous birth control pills.

·         Long-term use of birth control pills.

·         Early menstruation before the age of 12 and late menopause after the age of 55.

·         Having the first child after the age of 30 and women who have never had children.

·         Previous diagnosis of ovarian or breast cancer.

·         Smoking, lack of exercise, overweight, and alcohol consumption.

What are the symptoms of breast cancer?

·         In the early stages, it is usually painless.

·         A lump can be felt in the breast or armpit.

·         The skin of the breast has wrinkles or dimples, similar to an orange peel.

·         The nipple is inverted or retracted.

·         Yellow or bloody discharge from the nipple.

At what stage of breast cancer can it be cured?

Upon diagnosis, the doctor will inform the patient of the "stage" of the cancer. The stage of cancer is crucial in determining the severity and the chances of complete recovery, as follows:

·         Stage 0: The cancer is small and has not spread to the tissues. The survival rate is 95-100%.

·         Stage 1: The cancer has grown and spread to the lymph nodes in the armpit on the same side as the original tumor. The survival rate is 90-100%.

·         Stage 2: The cancer is larger than stage 1 and has spread to the lymph nodes, but in small numbers. The survival rate is 85-90%.

·         Stage 3: The cancer is large and may have ulcerated or attached to the chest muscles. Additionally, it has spread to a large number of lymph nodes. The survival rate is 65-70%.

·         Stage 4: This is the final stage where the cancer has spread into the bloodstream, affecting other organs. Generally, patients may not survive more than 3 years, and the survival rate ranges from 0% to 20%.

Treatment options for breast cancer

·         Surgery

·         Partial mastectomy, where the surgeon removes as much of the cancerous tumor as possible. However, this method is suitable only if the cancer is small and the breast is large enough. If the cancer is large, the breast is small, or there are multiple tumors in the breast, this method may not be appropriate.

·         Total mastectomy, where the surgeon removes the entire breast, including the nipple. If there is spread to the lymph nodes in the armpits, they will also be removed. In some cases, both breasts may be removed if the patient is at high risk of spreading to the remaining breast.

Complications after breast cancer surgery

·         The shape of the breast changes, which can be corrected by using a breast prosthesis or some may opt for breast reconstruction surgery.

·         Infection or bleeding from the wound. Monitor the wound for signs of swelling or redness.

·         If all the lymph nodes in the armpit are removed, the arm on that side may swell and feel numb, especially on the inner side of the upper arm.

Radiation therapy

This treatment uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. It is administered to patients who have undergone surgery to remove only the cancerous tumor and those who have had a total mastectomy, especially if the cancer is large of has spread to the lymph nodes in the armpit.

Side effects of radiation therapy and care

·         Feeling tired during radiation therapy. It is recommended to get plenty of rest and eat nutritious food.

·         The skin in the irradiated area may become easily irritated with a burning pain sensation.. Avoid exposure to water, creams, soaps, and sunlight, and refrain from scratching.

·         Swelling of the arm and shoulder, along with shoulder stiffness, may occur. Arm and shoulder exercises should be performed. Use a pillow to elevate the arm, which can help reduce swelling.

Chemotherapy

This treatment utilizes drugs to either destroy or inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy is employed to reduce the size of the cancer, facilitating surgery, or it may be administered post-surgery to control recurrence. Additionally, it is also used to prolong life and provide palliative care in cases where the cancer has spread to other organs.

Side effects of chemotherapy and care

While some patients may not experience side effects, others may encounter severe symptoms. This is because chemotherapy not only targets cancer cells but can also affect normal cells. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, mouth sores, and a dry throat. Care measures include eating soft foods such as porridge, frequently rinsing the mouth, and drinking plenty of water (8 – 10 glasses per day). It is advisable to avoid crowded places or environments with various toxins due to compromised immunity... as this can easily lead to infection.

Hormone therapy

Certain types of breast cancer grow faster when exposed to the hormone estrogen. Therefore, doctors administer anti-hormone drugs to diminish the amount of estrogen in the body.

Caring for breast cancer patients

·         Maintain strict hygiene as infections can easily occur.

·         Do not take any other medications outside of those prescribed by the doctor. If you need to take other medications, always consult your doctor.

·         Get plenty of rest and avoid strenuous work.

·         Quit alcohol, smoking, and drugs, and avoid drinks containing caffeine.

·         Maintain a strong mental state, avoid stress and depression.

·         Engage in activities with family to build morale to fight the disease.

·         Know how to take care of yourself in a state of low white blood cells.

·         Strictly follow the doctor's and nurse's instructions.

·         Always attend doctor's appointments.

·         Limit consumption of sweet and salty foods as they affect blood sugar levels and kidney function.

·         Try to eat as much as possible. If you feel you are eating less, eat more frequently.

·         Eat a balanced diet from all 5 food groups.

Even though the threat of breast cancer is frightening, it can be prevented... by maintaining a strong health, avoiding risk factors, and undergoing regular "screening for breast cancer". You can self-examine your breasts for lumps about 1 week after your period ends or opt for a mammogram if you are over 40 years old. Early detection of the disease, even before symptoms appear... can help reduce the mortality rate from breast cancer.